* T (size), followed by a number from 0 to 4 indicates the size of the tumor, the larger the cancer, the higher the number.

* N (lymph), 0 to 3, refers to the lymph nodes are affected by the cancer cells.

* M (metastasis), followed by a 0 or 1 indicates whether the cancer has spread (1) or not (0) to other organs.

In the early stages of cancer, surgery is used to remove the tumor, but often the surgical approach is complemented by radiation therapy to kill tumor cells that have escaped the knife. If the cancer is spread in other parts of the body, is used chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. This also accommodates the administration of radiation therapy, in specific areas where they are located groups of cancer cells.

* Surgery. The type of surgery depends on the extent of the tumor. If the size of the tumor allows the surgeon to perform a lumpectomy, which involves removing part of the breast tissue. With a mastectomy, however, the breast is removed completely. Both interventions may require the elimination of the nearest lymph nodes (located in the armpit).

* Radiation therapy. It is a local treatment, like surgery. In fact, sometimes radiation therapy after surgery to kill cancer cells that have not been removed. Radiation therapy is a high concentration of X-rays directed at a specific point. Applying this treatment after removal of cancer, doctors are sure to completely eradicate the tumor.

* Chemotherapy. Along with hormonal therapy are the most used treatments for breast cancer. Hormonal treatments seek to stop the progression of cancer by altering levels of female hormones. In contrast, chemotherapy eradicates cancer cells, destroying them.

* Hormone therapy:

- Tamoxifen: hormonal treatment used most commonly in breast cancer. This drug prevents the release of estrogen, so that the cells affected by cancer do not continue to spread.

- Toremifene: like tamoxifen, is an estrogen receptor modulator and seems to have shown efficacy in the treatment of certain types of breast cancer.

- Progesterone: These hormones are produced naturally in the body of women, but their artificial derivatives can be useful in certain breast tumors.

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Is anesthesia safe?
The anesthetics are almost completely safe, but every operation carries a very slight risk. A recent poll in Britain showed that for every million anesthesia practice occurs about five deaths. Patients with poor health have a greater risk than those who are healthy.

What is a “premedication”?
While waiting for surgery, patients are given a treatment called “Premedication” to feel slightly numb and not be nervous. It may not even remember being taken to surgery or been anesthetized.

Where and how a patient is anesthetized?
The patient is injected with anesthesia usually in the hand, and in the operating room. In some patients, usually children, are a numbing cream on the skin in advance so that not even feel the injection. Others are given to breathe a gas mixture through a mask to sleep quickly. A parent is allowed to stay with their child until the anesthesia.

How and where the patient wakes up?
After surgery, the anesthesiologist stopped the administration of anesthesia and the patient is taken to a resuscitation area where there is specially trained nurses. The longer the operation, the longer it takes to awaken the patient. Once they are fully awake, he was taken to his room. Sometimes the patient regained consciousness in the operating room once the operation has finished, without this entailing any risk.

How do patients feel when they wake up?
They often feel cold and slightly confusing. They may feel pain or nausea, but these symptoms can be treated when the anesthesiologist visits patients to check that everything is in order.

What happens after surgery?
Recovery depends on the type of intervention. After minor surgery, the patient is encouraged to get up as soon as possible and generally be allowed to eat and drink within hours.

Credit to: Dr Gordon F. N. Smith.

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What is anesthesia?
Anesthesia is defined generically by a series of drugs that temporarily reduce feelings, or eliminate them so that they can carry out surgical operations or procedures that otherwise would be painful.

There are two types of anesthesia:
* General: which the patient falls asleep.
* Local: in which the patient is awake, sleeping only body part on which to operate.

The anesthesia induced sleep is not the same as the ordinary or natural sleep, but a form of temporary unconsciousness carefully monitored by the anesthesiologist by administering the correct amount of anesthesia for each type of operation and the patient.

In some operations, combines a local anesthetic, as the cord (or spinal) or epidural, drugs that numb the patient. The anesthesiologist will explain this in detail before surgery.

What does the anesthesiologist?
The anesthesiologist performing the patient’s history and studied with him the various possibilities before the operation. At surgery, the patient remains at all times and make sure you are comfortable and secure. This includes eliminating pain, replacing body fluids and measure and control all vital body functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and cerebral and renal functions. This process continues after surgery, the anesthesiologist decides when the treatment for pain and nausea after surgery and advised the best time to go back to drinking or eating.

Why not be allowed to eat and drink before an operation?
If no food or drink in the stomach, the patient may vomit or regurgitate under anesthesia. The vomiting may pass into the lungs and as the body is sedated by anesthesia, it loses its ability to expel by coughing. This can cause serious lung damage. Generally not allowed to eat in the six hours before surgery, although in some cases can drink clear liquids, primarily water until two hours before.

What happens to the dental caps or loose teeth?
At the start of anesthesia is often necessary to insert a tube in his throat to aid breathing. The instrument used for this can easily damage teeth loose sleeves, so the anesthesiologist asked if there so you can take necessary precautions to avoid it. The same problem exists with dentures, to be withdrawn to avoid interfering with breathing.

Credit to: Dr Gordon F. N. Smith.

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